[-AI-3.5]Top 10 important events in the history of the Persian Empire

Abstract

アケメネス朝ペルシア帝国は、紀元前550年にキュロス大王によって設立されました。キュロスはエラムとメディア同盟に対する敵意から、ペルシャ湾地域に影響力を広げました。

546年には、キュロス2世がリディア王国を征服し、525年にはカンビュセスによってエジプトが征服され、アケメネス朝ペルシア帝国は当時最大の国家になりました。ダレイオス1世の治世では、帝国とその官僚制度の発展を促進しました。彼は新しい行政区画と税制を確立し、王宮祭を導入しました。ダレイオス1世の治世に文化、貿易、宗教が繁栄し、ペルシャ帝国は中東で主要な勢力になりました。

紀元前480年、ペルシャのクセルクセス1世王が大軍を率いてギリシャ遠征を始めました。アルゴリスで反乱軍がペルシャ軍を攻撃し、宮殿の破壊を引き起こしました。その後のテルモピレの戦いで、スパルタ王レオニダス1世率いる300人の兵士が、数倍のペルシャ軍に対して戦いを行いましたが、敗北し、ギリシャはペルシャに征服される危機に瀕しました。しかし、アテネのテミストクレス率いるギリシャ艦隊は、サラミスの戦いで勝利を収め、ペルシャの海軍を壊滅させました。最後に、プラタイアの戦いで、ギリシャ同盟がペルシャ軍を破り、ギリシャの自由を守りました。アルタクセルクセス2世の時代には、キングの支配に不満があったため、ペルシア帝国は混乱に陥りました。彼は王権中心のイデオロギーを推進し、新しい制度の導入、徴税、人口普及を行いました。しかし、中央政府の権力が過度に強化され、伝統的な支配階級が政治的機会を失い、市民権のない下級市民がより困難な状況に陥りました。その結果、不安定な状況が多発するようになりました。アルタクセルクセス2世は反乱を鎮圧することに注力しましたが、多くの人々が拷問や殺害を受け、地方統治に不満を持つ人々を粛清する法を厳格に施行しました。後に彼は歴史的文書を失い、王国全土で検閲活動を開始しました。その結果、ペルシャ帝国の多くの文化遺産が失われました。

アレクサンダー大王によるペルシャ征服は、紀元前330年にマケドニア帝国が率いるアレクサンダー大王によって行われました。グラニコスの戦いでペルシャ艦隊を破り、アジアに基地を確立しました。イッススの戦いでは、ペルシャ王ダレイオス3世が敗北し、アレクサンダー大王がエジプトを征服し、ペルセポリスに向かって進軍しました。ガウガメラの戦いでダレイオス3世が殺され、アレクサンダー大王がペルシャ帝国を破壊しました。この勝利により、アレクサンダー大王は東方の征服者兼王の一人となりました。

Table of contents

• The Establishment of the Achaemenid Persian Empire
• Reign of Darius I
• Xerxes I and the Greek Expedition
• Revolt around Artaxerxes II
• Persian Conquest by Alexander the Great
• Conclusion

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The Establishment of the Achaemenid Persian Empire

The Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. His influence spread to the Persian Gulf region due to his hostility towards the Elam and Media alliance. In 546 BC, Cyrus II conquered the kingdom of Lydia, and in 525 BC, Egypt came under the rule of Cambyses, making the Achaemenid Empire of Persia the largest state at that time.

Reign of Darius I

Darius I was one of the greatest kings of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and his reign promoted the development of the empire and its bureaucracy. He established new administrative districts and a taxation system and introduced royal festivals. The empire’s borders expanded from India to Libya and the palace of Persepolis built during Darius I’s reign was a testament to his power and agility. Under his rule, culture, trade, and religion flourished, and the Persian Empire became a major power in the Middle East. His reign marked the beginning of the empire’s golden age and occupies an important place in the history of the Persian Empire.

Xerxes I and the Greek Expedition

In 480 BC, King Xerxes I of Persia began his expedition to Greece with a large army. In Aeolis, rebel forces attacked the Persian army and caused devastating damage, including the destruction of the palace. In the Battle of Thermopylae that followed, 300 soldiers led by Spartan King Leonidas I fought to their deaths against a Persian army that outnumbered them by tens of times. However, the Spartan army was defeated and Greece was on the verge of being conquered by Persia. Nevertheless, the Greek fleet led by Themistocles of Athens achieved victory in the Battle of Salamis, destroying the Persian navy. Finally, in the Battle of Plataea, the Greek alliance defeated the Persian army and protected Greece’s freedom. This battle became one of the greatest victories in ancient Greek history and had a significant impact on the development of Western civilization.

Riot around Artaxerxes II

In 404 BC, when Artaxerxes II took the throne, the Persian Empire plunged into turmoil. This was due to dissatisfaction with the king’s rule, so he focused on strengthening his power from the beginning of his reign. He had a strong personality and decided to promote a monarchy-centred ideology to evaluate his achievements and abilities.

He carried out significant reforms throughout the kingdom, reintroducing the bureaucratic system and collecting taxes and headcounts. Once this new system was in place, central government power was excessively strengthened, traditional ruling classes lost political opportunities, and lower-class citizens with little civil rights fell into more difficult situations.

As a result, unrest began to erupt. Artaxerxes II focused on suppressing the rebellion but collected resentment. He rigorously enforced laws to purge those who were dissatisfied with local governance, and, in the process, many people were tortured or killed.

Later, he also focused on lost historical documents, initiating censorship activities across the kingdom. As a result, many of the cultural heritages of the Persian Empire were lost.

Artaxerxes II came to exert significant influence in the kingdom himself, but in the process, weakened traditional ruling classes and led to the suffering of lower-class citizens with little civil rights.

Alexander the Great’s Conquest of Persia

In 330 BC, the Macedonian Empire led by Alexander the Great invaded the Persian Empire. In the Battle of Granicus, they defeated the Persian fleet and established a base in Asia. In the Battle of Issus, Persian King Darius III was defeated, and Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and marched towards Persepolis. Later, in the Battle of Gaugamela, Darius III was killed, and Alexander the Great destroyed the Persian Empire. With this victory, Alexander the Great became the conqueror of the East and the King of Kings.