[-AI-3.5]Modern Indian History (after the 19th century)

Abstract

19世紀以降の現代インドの歴史を学ぶことは、インド文化や歴史に興味を持つ多くの人々にとって非常に重要です。この期間中、イギリス帝国はインドでの影響力を拡大し、多くの変化が起こりました。ガンジーの出現、独立運動、社会・文化運動など興味深い出来事がたくさんあります。この記事では、イギリス・インド帝国の侵略、植民地化、そして独立運動の歴史について深く掘り下げましょう。

イギリスによる侵略と植民地化

イギリス支配以前、インドは多様な文化バックグラウンドを持つ複数の王朝に支配されていました。しかし、18世紀半ばにイギリス東インド会社がインドへの拡張を始め、国を支配するようになりました。同社は支配地域に自身の法律を導入し、土地や資源を没収することでインドでの植民地支配を開始しました。19世紀初頭、イギリス・インド帝国が東インド会社の支配を通じて設立されました。この植民地支配は、インド内で多くの問題を引き起こしました。人々は抑圧され、土地の失敗や貧困に苦しんでいました。

ガンジーの出現とインド独立

1920年代、ガンジーはイギリス支配に抗議して、英国の商品をボイコットする非協力運動を導入しました。1930年、ガンジーは塩の行進を主導し、イギリスの塩の独占に抗議しました。何千人もが行進に参加しました。

インドとパキスタンへの分割

1947年、イギリスの分割と支配に反対したガンジーは、インドがインドとパキスタンに分割されたことを知りました。

社会改革と文化運動

アーヤ・サマージアーヤ・サマージは、インドの社会改革運動でした。19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけて、インド・ルネサンスが生まれ、インドの文化や精神を復活させ、イギリスの植民地支配からの独立を目指す運動が始まりました。

Table of contents

• Introduction
• Pre-British India
• British Invasion and Colonisation
• Emergence of Gandhi and Independence
• Social Reforms and Cultural Movements
• Influential Leaders
• Conclusion

-- CAUTION

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Introduction

It is very important for many people interested in Indian culture and history to learn about modern Indian history since the 19th century. During this period, the British Empire expanded its influence in India and many changes occurred. There are many interesting events such as the emergence of Gandhi, the independence movement, social and cultural movements. In this article, let’s delve deep into the history of the British India Empire’s invasion and colonization, as well as the independence movement.

Pre-British India

India has a diverse history. As a definition, it achieved cultural development in 2600 BC, and during the Vedic period, Hinduism flourished. During the Maurya dynasty, King Ashoka built a protective empire and achieved ethnic unity. During the Gupta dynasty, science and culture flourished, as did art and philosophy.

However, India was greatly affected by British colonization. British invasion of India accelerated after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In order to directly rule India, the British Indian Empire was established in 1858. At this time, trade in the Indian Ocean expanded, ensuring British interests.

These are the main points regarding India before British rule. Next, we will examine British invasion and colonization in detail.

Britain’s invasion and colonization

Before British rule, India was ruled by multiple dynasties with diverse cultural backgrounds. However, in the mid-18th century, the East India Company began its expansion into India and gradually gained control over the country. The company implemented its own laws in the areas it controlled and began colonial rule in India by confiscating land and resources. In the early 19th century, the British Indian Empire was established through the East India Company’s rule.

This colonial rule caused many problems within India. The people felt oppressed and suffered from land failures and poverty. Moreover, resistance against British rule resulted in the Indian independence movement.

This movement began with the Battle of Plassey where the British conquered Bengal, resulting in the East India Company gaining control over the region. Local leaders then began the struggle against British colonial rule, which later developed into the Indian independence movement.

In the late 19th to early 20th century, Gandhi’s emergence led to the intensification of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi advocated for ending British rule through peaceful means and led movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt March. As a result, India and Pakistan gained independence through the Partition of India in 1947.

As a consequence, British aggression and colonial rule caused great suffering for the people of India. However, the Indian people stood together and rose up to fight for independence in the face of adversity.

Gandhi’s Appearance and Independence

The Battle of Plassey

In 1757, The British won the Battle of Plassey and conquered the Bengal region, which led to the colonization of the rest of India.

The British Raj

In 1858, the East India Company was dissolved, and the British Raj was formed. During this period, India’s focus was on modernization, including strengthening agricultural production to meet the needs of Britain’s industrial revolution.

The beginning of India’s independence movement

From the early 20th century, the Indian independence movement grew stronger, led by leaders like Gandhi.

Gandhi’s emergence and Indian independence

The Non-Cooperation Movement In the 1920s, Gandhi introduced the Non-Cooperation Movement, protesting against British rule by boycotting British goods.

The Salt March

In 1930, Gandhi led the Salt March, protesting against Britain’s monopoly on salt. Thousands joined in the march.

Partition of India into India and Pakistan

In 1947, India was partitioned into India and Pakistan, a result of the British divide and rule policy. Gandhi’s belief of not separating was not achieved.

Social reform and cultural movements

Arya Samaj Arya Samaj was a social reform movement in India. The Aryans formed a discriminatory society, which was alleviated under British colonial rule.

Buddha Jayanti

Buddha Jayanti is a festival that celebrates Buddha’s birth and is known as a religious event in Buddhism and Jainism.

The Indian Renaissance

From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the Indian Renaissance emerged, a movement to revive Indian culture and spirit, aiming for independence from British colonial rule.

Formation of the Muslim League

In 1906, the Muslim League was formed, representing conservative Muslims against British rule, playing a critical role in the independence movement.

Influential leaders

Tagore Rabindranath Tagore was a poet, philosopher, writer, and a leader of the cultural movement. He made various contributions towards Independence, including winning the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru was India’s first prime minister and a leader of the independence movement. He contributed towards modernizing India and establishing a democratic system, making him a national hero.

Ambedkar B.R. Ambedkar was a social reformer instrumental in making the constitution. He criticized the caste system and advocated for social equality.

Conclusion

Many changes occurred in India under British rule. Indians had suffered a lot of exploitation under colonial rule. However, the independence movement united and achieved freedom. There were many leaders in this movement, but Tagore, Nehru, and Ambedkar were particularly noteworthy. They promoted political, social and cultural changes, and had a significant impact on modern Indian history.