[-AI-3.5]History of South America: From the 15th to the 19th Century

Abstract

サウスアメリカの歴史は複雑で魅力的です。南アメリカは南半球のかなり広い地域に位置しています。加えて、多くの民族グループ、言語、文化が存在しています。先住民文化は南アメリカの多様性を豊かにしましたが、植民地時代にはスペインの支配と強制文化が続きました。

征服と植民地化の時代

まず始めに、南アメリカ大陸を征服したスペインの到来は、15世紀後半から始まりました。征服のプロセスは、戦争、病気、既存国家の取得を通じて行われました。もちろん、現地の人々は抗議しましたが、スペインは彼らを強制的に改宗し、しばしば追放することによって南アメリカで信頼される存在になりました。征服期には紛争と抵抗の歴史が続きました。反乱は頻繁であり、スペイン政府が侵略している人々に対する残虐な行為が原因となることが多かったです。しかし、抵抗の共通点はすべての地域で共通していることです。南アメリカの植民地時代には、貿易と奴隷制度が重要な役割を果たしました。スペインは貿易ルートを確立し、南アメリカから銀を得ました。

独立の時代

南アメリカの独立の時代は、長い血みどろのものでした。スペインからの解放の歴史は1810年に始まりました。当時、南アメリカでは穀物、木材、金、銀がスペインに輸出され、南アメリカは一方的に搾取されていました。独立戦争は長期間にわたりましたが、1818年までにチリ、ベネズエラ、コロンビア、アルゼンチン、ペルーなどの国々がスペインから独立を獲得しました。一方、独立後に混乱を経験し、統一を試みた国々もありましたが、成功しなかったのが現状です。アメリカは幾度か介入しましたが、南アメリカに介入することは利便性上できませんでした。現代の南アメリカは、独立から200年以上の間に重要な変化を遂げました。民主主義制度を採用し、外交政策や銅の国有化の変化によって経済が発展しました。

近現代の歴史

南アメリカの近現代の歴史は、政治的な混乱や独裁政権、外交政策の変化や銅の国有化、そして民主化や将来の展望に向けた進展によって特徴付けられています。20世紀初頭には政治的に不安定な時期を経験しました。独裁政権が現れ、人権侵害や暴力的な事件が発生しました。多くの国々は、外交政策に長期的な変化を経験したりもしました。例えば、1970年に社会主義政権が成立したときにチリはアメリカから経済制裁を受けました。これに対してチリは主要な資源である銅を国有化しました。その後、南アメリカでは民主化への進展が見られたものの、不平等や人権、腐敗などの問題はまだ地域を悩ませています。将来的にはより公正な社会を構築し、貧困や不平等などの問題に取り組むことが必要です。南アメリカの文化は多様で魅力的です。文学や詩歌では、ネルーダやガルシア＝マルケスなどの多くの作家が世界的に有名です。サルサ、タンゴ、ボサノバは南アメリカ音楽やダンスの代表的な例です。南アメリカの建築や美術は、多様な文化や民族の交差点で発展しています。これらの作品には先住民の神話やスペイン、ポルトガルの影響があり、多くのユニークで美しい作品があります。南アメリカの文化や芸術は多様で特色があり、世界中から注目されています。

文化と芸術の影響

南アメリカには世界的に有名な文化や芸術があります。その中でも文学や詩歌は、南アメリカ先住民とスペイン征服後の歴史を反映し、多様性があります。例えば、ネルーダやガルシア＝マルケスは、南アメリカの代表的な文学者です。彼らの作品は今も世界中で読まれています。また、南アメリカには独特の音楽やダンスがあり、サンバやタンゴなどが有名ですが、伝統的な音楽やダンスもたくさんあります。南アメリカの建築や美術は、多様な文化や民族の交差点で発展しています。これらの作品には、先住民の神話やスペイン、ポルトガルの影響があり、多くのユニークで美しい作品があります。南アメリカの文化や芸術は多様で特色があり、世界中から注目されています。

Table of contents

• Introduction
• Age of Conquest and Colonization
• Age of Independence
• Modern and Contemporary History
• Influence of Culture and Arts
• Conclusion

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Introduction

South American history is a complex and fascinating history. If you are a student from Asia, it is necessary to have an understanding of South America’s geographical location, vast culture, and the arrival of the Spanish. South America is located in a considerably large region in the southern hemisphere. Additionally, various ethnic groups, languages, and cultures exist. Indigenous cultures have enriched South America’s diversity, but during the colonial era, Spanish domination and forced culture continued. In the following section, let’s take a closer look at the history of colonization.

The Age of Conquest and Colonization

First, the arrival of Spain, which conquered the South American continent, began in the late 15th century. The process of conquest was carried out through war, disease, and the acquisition of existing countries. Of course, the local people protested, but Spain became a trusted presence in South America by forcibly evangelizing them and often expelling them.

The history of conflict and resistance continued during the conquest period. Rebellions were constant and often caused by the brutal acts of the Spanish government against the people they were invading. However, the common point of resistance is that it is common in all regions.

Trade and slavery played an important role during the colonial period in South America and developed the South American economy. Spain established trade routes and obtained silver from the South American region. In addition, many black populations were transported to Europeans as unpaid labour, establishing the system of slavery. As a result, the social structure changed fundamentally in many countries.

The era of independence

First of all, the era of South American independence was a long and bloody one. The history of liberation from Spain began in 1810. At that time, South American grains, timber, gold and silver were exported to Spain, and South America was being exploited unilaterally. The independence wars were long, but by 1818, countries such as Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina, and Peru had gained independence from Spain.

On the other hand, attempts at independence and unification were achieved through confusion after independence. During this period, countries attempted to unify, but were unsuccessful. America intervened several times, but during the Civil War, America was unable to intervene in South America for convenience.

Modern-day South America has undergone significant changes over the 200 years since its independence. It has adopted a democratic system, and its economy has developed with changes in foreign policies and copper nationalisation. From this history, further progress is expected in the future of South America.

South America also has diversity in culture and the arts. Rich cultural heritage, such as literature and music, is beloved by people all over the world. Japanese and Chinese immigrants have also contributed to South America. Even now, cooperation between South America and Asia is being strengthened.

Modern and Contemporary History

The modern history of South America is characterized by political turmoil and periods of dictatorship, changes in diplomatic policies and the nationalization of copper, as well as progress towards democratization and future prospects.

At the beginning of the 20th century, South America experienced a politically unstable period. Dictatorships emerged and human rights violations and violent events occurred. Many countries also experienced long-term changes in diplomatic policies. For example, Chile faced economic sanctions from the United States when a socialist government was established in 1970. In response, Chile nationalized its major resource, copper.

Subsequently, progress toward democratization improved the political situation in South America. However, issues such as inequality, human rights, and corruption still plague the region. It is necessary to build a more equitable society and address issues of poverty and inequality in the future.

South American culture is diverse and captivating. In literature and poetry, many authors such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Pablo Neruda are globally famous. Salsa, Tango, and Bossa Nova are examples of the characteristics of South American music and dance. The diversity of South American architecture and art is also attractive.

South America has deep relations with Asia. Japanese immigrants have made significant contributions across many areas. With the advancement of trade and exchanges with China, cooperation between South America and Asia is further increasing in modern times.

South America brings us great value due to its diverse history and culture. However, there are still many unresolved issues and challenges. It is important for us to support the development and improvement of South America in the future.

The influence of culture and the arts

In South America, there are globally famous cultures and arts. Among them, literature and poetry reflect the cultures of South American indigenous people and the history after the Spanish conquest, and there is diversity. For example, Neruda and Garcia Marquez are representative figures in South American literature. Their works are still read worldwide. Also, South America has unique music and dance. Samba and tango are famous rhythms, but there are many traditional music and dances as well. South American architecture and artworks have developed in the intersection of diverse cultures and ethnicities. These works include indigenous myths and the influence of Spain and Portugal, and there are many unique and beautiful works. South American culture and arts are diverse and distinctive and are attracting attention worldwide.

Conclusion

South American history contributed to the creation of a rich culture called Latin America. Its diverse culture, music, architecture, and food have influenced people all over the world and are still widely loved. Looking at the history from the early 19th century to the present day, South America has experienced a period of political turmoil and still faces various problems. Even today, South America attracts attention from abroad and shows economic and cultural development. The history of this region is an important source of information necessary to understand the situation in South America, and there are expectations for the progress they will achieve in the future.