[-AI-3.5]History of relationship between China and Indochina (15th - 19th century)

Abstract

中国とインドシナの間には歴史的に緊密な関係があった。中国とインドシナは近接しており、文化、社会、経済において交流を行ってきた。インドシナは元々中国帝国の影響下にあったが、やがて独自の文化を発展させた。中国とインドシナの関係史を研究することで、この地域が歴史的にどのように発展してきたのかを理解することができる。

15世紀の中国とインドシナの交流には、系図交換があった。明と占城王国の交換は、海上貿易を通じて始まった。占城王国は、マレー半島とインドの商人の間の貿易路に位置していた南シナ海沿岸の地域にあった。明と占城王国の貿易関係は、投資と宗教的影響の輸出によって築かれた。神道と仏教の融合とbindu王国のシンクレティズムは、明の創始者である朱元璋によって最初に導入され、布教を促進した。その結果、bindu王国の指導者たちは、明の影響を受けてある程度の文化的変化を経験した。文化交流の結果、多くの学者がbindu王国で生まれ、国家の成長に役立った。

16世紀から17世紀にかけての中国とインドシナの関係を研究することは、西洋の学生にとって非常に重要である。この期間中、激しい紛争と文化交流が、中国とインドシナの現代の関係に深い影響を与えた。16世紀から17世紀にかけて、両地域は多数の紛争に苦しんだ。ベトナムは当時興隆期にあり、明朝からの独立を目指していたため、zheng政権と清朝の間で戦争が起きた。同時に、タイもこの地域に干渉し、紛争を激化させた。

19世紀には、中国とインドシナの関係は急激な変化を経験した。中国は領土拡張を望み、インドシナに対する野望を露呈した。この期間中、フランスはインドシナに拡大し始め、中国との影響力争いが始まった。一方、prasat thong寺院に関する紛争が発生した。紛争はカンボジアとシャムの間で起こり、中国も介入したため、当時は厳しい膠着状態に陥った。フランスはこの状況を利用してインドシナに攻め込み、中仏戦争の影響を受けて、現在のラオス、カンボジア、ベトナムを併合することに成功した。

19世紀末までには、フランスは自己貿易に依存するインドシナ半島に入り込み、その領土拡大の野望を持った。フランスの拡大は多くの反感を招いた。中国は、侵略から身を守るためフランスと戦わざるを得ず、同時にラオス、カンボジア、ベトナムなどの地域はフランスの支配下に置かれた。当時の中国とフランスの戦争は、中国帝国とフランスの間で起きたものであり、中国の宣戦布告と領土的拡張に対するフランスの抵抗が原因であった。この戦争は、フランスが遠距離のインドシナに侵入することを可能にし、ラオス、カンボジア、ベトナムがフランスの領土に併合された。フランスはこの地域をフランス領インドシナと呼ばれる植民地帝国に組み込んだ。

20世紀の転換期には、両国の関係は紛争と協力の2段階を経験した。1937年の南京の日本による侵略では、中国は内戦の混乱に陥っていた。一方、インドシナは単独で日本から独立を勝ち取った。中国は日本に対して戦い、インドシナはフランスに対して戦った。しかし、ベトナム戦争の混乱は市民の支援を受けていなかった。現在、中国とベトナム、カンボジア、ラオスなど10か国の間にはさまざまな協力関係が続いており、両国の関係はさらに発展している。

Table of contents

• Introduction
• 15th Century Exchange between China and Indochina
• 16th to 17th Century Conflicts between China and Indochina
• Stalemate between China and Indochina during the 19th Century
• French Indochina rule from the 19th to early 20th Century
• China-Indochina Relations in the 20th Century
• Conclusion

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Introduction

China and Indochina have historically had close relations. China and Indochina are close neighbors and have had cultural, social, and economic exchanges. Indochina was once under the same influence as the Chinese Empire, but later developed its own culture. Studying the history of China and Indochina’s relationship allows us to understand how this region has historically developed. Additionally, this relationship history includes political, cultural, economic, and geographical influences, and is also interesting from a modern perspective.

15th century exchange between China and Indochina

The exchange between Ming and the Kingdom of Champa began through maritime trade. The Kingdom of Champa was located on the coast of the South China Sea, on the trading route between the Malay Peninsula and Indian merchants. The trading relationship between Ming and the Kingdom of Champa was built through investments and the export of religious influence.

Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism and the Kingdom of Bindic were originally initiated by Ming’s founder, Zhu Yuanzhang, who promoted preaching. As a result, the leaders of the Kingdom of Bindic underwent a certain cultural change under the influence of Ming. As a result of cultural exchange, many scholars were born in the Kingdom of Bindic, which helped the growth of the state.

The intensification of trade and diplomacy took place during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming. During that time, Chinese merchants entered the Indochina Peninsula through the South China Sea, and many diplomats were dispatched. At that time, China had a high degree of self-sufficiency and needed many goods in the Indochina Peninsula, which was the main reason behind the intensification of trade and diplomacy during this period.

The above were important events in the exchange between 15th century China and Indochina. Next, we will introduce the disputes between China and Indochina from the 16th to the 17th century.

Conflicts between China and Indochina during the 16th and 17th centuries

To study the relationship between China and Indochina from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries is very important for Western students. During this period, intense conflicts and cultural exchanges exerted a deep influence on the modern relationship between China and Indochina.

From the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, both regions were plagued by numerous conflicts. Vietnam, which was then emerging, aimed to expand its territory and gain independence from the Ming dynasty of China, resulting in wars between the Zheng regime and the Qing dynasty. At the same time, Thailand began to interfere in this region, intensifying the conflicts.

While the Ming dynasty promoted exchanges with the Kingdom of Bindu through syncretism of gods and Buddhas, it also stepped up trading and diplomacy with China, striving to maintain relations with this region. However, conflicts persisted, and a rift was opened between China and Indochina.

Thus, the relationship between China and Indochina in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was a period of many conflicts. Nevertheless, both regions continued to have connections through cultural and economic exchanges.

Nineteenth century impasse between China and Indochina

In the 19th century, the relationship between China and Indochina underwent a drastic change. China was eager for territorial expansion and revealed its ambitions towards Indochina. During this period, France began to expand into Indochina, leading to a competition for influence with China.

Meanwhile, a dispute over the Prasat Thong temple broke out within Indochina. The conflict arose between Cambodia and Siam, with China also intervening, leading to a difficult stalemate at the time.

France took advantage of this situation and launched an attack on Indochina. Due to the impact of the Sino-French War, France successfully annexed present-day Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

These historical events illustrate the complexity of the relationship between China and Indochina, which continues to be tense in modern times. However, by understanding each other’s culture and background through knowledge of these events, it may be possible to build a better relationship in the future.

French Indochina’s rule by France in the late 19th century to the early 20th century

French colonization of Indochina in the late 19th century and early 20th century As we have learned from history books, France had a desire for colonial domination in Asia. By the end of the 19th century, France had already entered the Indochinese Peninsula, which depended on its own trade, with an ambition to expand its territory.

France’s expansion naturally caused much resentment. China was forced to fight France to defend itself from invasion, and at the same time, areas such as Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam were placed under French dominion.

The Sino-French War was a war between the Chinese Empire and France at that time, which occurred due to France’s resistance to China’s declaration of war and its territorial expansion. This war brought victory that enabled France to invade even the distant Indochina.

The annexation of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam was what France gained from the result of the Sino-French War. France then incorporated the region into a colonial empire called French Indochina.

Today, this region has become independent, and knowing its past is essential for advanced students. As we know, the past tends to have an impact on current events, so it is necessary for us to understand this relationship.

The relationship between China and Indochina in the 20th century

At the turn of the 20th century, the relationship between the two countries experienced two phases of conflict and cooperation. During Japan’s invasion of Nanjing in 1937, China was in a state of chaos due to civil war, while Indochina fought for its independence from Japan alone. China stood up in war against Japan, while Indochina won its independence through fighting against France, but the chaos caused by the Vietnam front had not been supported by ordinary citizens. Nowadays, various cooperation relationships have been established between China and 10 other countries including Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, and the relationship between the two countries is developing further. However, the relationship between China and Indochina seems to be moving away gradually as both countries pursue their respective paths. However, it is possible to learn and enhance their history, understand and respect each other’s culture and habits, and build a good relationship between the two countries.

Conclusion

Looking back on the relationship between China and Indochina from the 15th to the 20th century, there have been exchanges, conflicts, and French colonial rule since ancient times. In modern times, bilateral relations cover a wide range, including resistance, cooperation, and active exchange of economy and culture.